Genetic causes of Raynaud’s phenomenon

The genetic causes of Raynaud's phenomenon have been probed by researchers at Queen Mary University of London's Precision Healthcare Research Institute (PHURI) and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin's Berlin Institute of Health (BIH).

The findings of the study were published in Nature Communications, and could lead to the first effective treatments for people with Raynaud’s.

Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is a heritable blood circulation disorder. It's a vasopastic disorder, which implies that small blood vessels near the skin's surface spasm, limiting blood flow. People with Raynaud's syndrome frequently experience discomfort in their fingers and toes, as well as changes in skin colour, as a result of a lack of blood flow during attacks when they are cold or emotionally upset. In more extreme cases, it might result in severe pain or ulcers.

Around 2-5 per cent of the population are affected by Raynaud’s. Despite it being a common condition, it’s under-investigated and little is understood about the genetic cause of the condition.

There are limited treatments available for RP. Doctors usually advise that the patient use 'self-management' strategies such as keeping warm and avoiding triggers of attacks. In severe cases medications can be prescribed, these are 'repurposed drugs', usually medicines to lower high blood pressure. These often cause severe side effects in patients. A better understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms that cause RD is needed to develop safe and effective treatments.

Researchers led by Professor Claudia Langenberg and Professor Maik Pietzner, working across PHURI and the BIH, carried out the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) for Raynaud’s phenomenon. The team used electronic health records from the UK Biobank, a large-scale biomedical database and research resource containing genetic and health information from half a million UK participants, to identify more than 9,000 people affected by Raynaud’s. The team also used electronic health records from Queen Mary’s Genes & Health study.

The researchers discovered variation in two genes that predisposed participants to Raynaud's phenomenon: One was the alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor for adrenaline, ADRA2A, a classic stress receptor that causes the small blood vessels to contract.

"This makes sense when it's cold or dangerous, because the body has to supply the inside of the body with blood," explains Maik Pietzner, Health Data Chair of PHURI and co-lead of the Computational Medicine Group at BIH.

"In Raynaud's patients, however, this receptor seemed to be particularly active, which could explain the vasospasms, especially in combination with the second gene that we found: This gene is the transcription factor IRX1, which may regulate the ability of blood vessels to dilate.

If its production is increased, it may activate genes that prevent constricted vessels from relaxing as they would normally do. Together with the overactive adrenaline receptor, this may then lead to the vessels not suppling enough blood for a longer period of time, which leads to the observed white fingers and toes.”

The researchers were also able to replicate parts of their findings using data from participants of British Bangladeshi and Pakistani origin from Queen Mary’s Genes & Health study.

The researchers’ findings also help to understand for the first time why the small vessels react so strongly in patients, even apparently without external stimuli, such as exposure to cold.

Dr Emma Blamont, Head of Research for Scleroderma and Raynaud's UK (SRUK), said,

"Raynaud's is a painful, chronic condition that affects around one in ten people in the UK. We know that attacks can be brought on by certain triggers like cold and stress, but relatively little is known about why some people experience Raynaud’s and others don’t. For the millions of people living with this condition, simple everyday tasks can be a challenge, so research like this, which significantly advances our understanding of Raynaud's and the role that genetics may play in causing it, is crucial.

"The next step is to confirm these important findings in more diverse population groups and validate the results through functional studies. If successful, these findings could help us unlock more new therapeutic avenues for Raynaud’s leading to better, more targeted and kinder treatments."