Researchers discover cause of heart damage

A recent study led by UCL (University College London) experts has discovered the likely cause of several cancer therapies causing heart damage.

Modern medications are exceedingly effective at treating cancer and have substantially increased survival rates. However, some cancer treatments can harm the heart, a condition known as cardiotoxicity. This damage can manifest itself in a variety of ways, ranging from a modest modification in the heart's pumping ability to devastating cardiac failure. However, the mechanisms by which these drugs cause harm have remained unknown.

Now, an international study published in the journal Science Advances has identified proteins in the blood that are linked to an increased risk of developing heart diseases, such as heart failure (when your heart can't pump blood around your body as well as it should) and that are also affected by cancer treatment drugs.

The team say that their findings can explain how cancer drugs cause their damaging effects on the heart and could help to identify those at increased risk. In the long run, they believe this will help to improve cancer treatments, with new drugs potentially being developed that can shrink tumours without affecting the identified proteins.

In addition, the study reveals new potential drug targets for treating heart diseases including heart failure. These may work by inhibiting proteins linked to higher disease risk, or activating proteins linked to lower risk.

The researchers first performed a genome-wide association study, searching through the DNA of nearly 37,000 people without heart disease enrolled in the UK Biobank study. This identified genetic variants linked to changes to the structure and function of the pumping chambers of the heart - the ventricles.

Our genes contain the instructions needed to make proteins, the building blocks of the body. Using a technique called Mendelian randomisation, the researchers then pinpointed 33 proteins, coded for by these genetic variants, that are present in the blood and associated with the risk of developing several heart diseases. These included different types of heart failure, and atrial fibrillation (a common abnormal heart rhythm which increases the risk of stroke). Crucially, many of these proteins are the targets of drugs currently used to treat cancer.

Lead author Dr Floriaan Schmidt (UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science) said: "The proteins identified in our study will help to accelerate future drug development, offering scientists a blueprint for new treatments for both cancer and heart diseases. This can help them to be more confident of the effects of the drugs that they design - whether that's shrinking tumours without causing damage elsewhere or improving the heart's pumping action."

Professor Sir Nilesh Samani, Medical Director at the British Heart Foundation, said: "While there have been advances in treating cancer, one of the consequences has been a risk of heart damage from these drugs.

"This research points the way towards developing safer and more refined drugs so that, one day, worries about developing heart problems after cancer treatment might be a thing of the past."