According to a new study, in the ageing bone, the mineralocorticoid receptor, better known for its role in blood pressure regulation, is a key factor in bone health.
The study has been published in the 'Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.
Dr Meghan E. McGee-Lawrence, a biomedical engineer in the Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy at the Medical College of Georgia conducted this research.
Drugs that block the receptor, like the hypertension medications spironolactone and eplerenone, may help protect bone cells, said McGee-Lawrence.
Drugs like prednisone are glucocorticoids, which are better known for their roles in reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune response, which is why they work so well for problems like irritable bowel syndrome and arthritis. But, like ageing, they can also disrupt the healthy, ongoing dynamic of bone being made and being destroyed.
Our natural glucocorticoid levels increase with age, and bone, at least when we are young, has more glucocorticoid receptors than mineralocorticoid receptors. Glucocorticoids can actually coax stem cells to make bone-forming osteoblasts, but it also causes those osteoblasts to store more fat, and too much fat in the bone, like anywhere on our body, is probably not good and typically correlates with bone loss, McGee-Lawrence said.
So reducing the impact of glucocorticoid receptors seemed like a logical way to protect bone.
The MCG scientists had already been surprised to find that the loss of functioning glucocorticoid receptors did not protect against bone loss in younger mice on calorie-restricted diets. In fact, there was increased fat accumulation in the bone marrow and worsened osteoporosis.
This time they were looking at the impact of endogenous glucocorticoids in an ageing model and found again that when the glucocorticoid receptor was blocked, older mice also experienced more fat accumulation in the bone marrow and worsening bone disease.
They also found that the mice had a smaller muscle mass, chose to move around less than mice typically do and had higher blood pressure.
Another surprise was that when they used drugs to inhibit the mineralocorticoid receptor, many of the problems were reversed.
"The only way we have found to get rid of that lipid storage by osteoblasts was to inhibit the mineralocorticoid receptor with drugs, and fortunately because of the receptors' clear role in blood pressure there are already drugs that do that," she said.
"I think what it means is if we want to understand what these stress hormones, these endogenous glucocorticoids, are doing we cannot just think about signalling through one receptor," McGee-Lawrence said.
For older bone, she thinks mineralocorticoid receptors may be a better target.
"We thought that knocking out the glucocorticoid receptor would make things better, but it made them worse," McGee-Lawrence said.
"We think the mineralocorticoid receptor may explain a lot of what is going wrong in ageing bone," she added.
Both receptors are members of the steroid receptor family and mineralocorticoid receptors are thought to have equal affinity for mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. It may be the signalling paths are different in young and older individuals, she noted.
McGee-Lawrence and her colleagues already have some evidence that bone's expression of mineralocorticoid receptors goes up, potentially significantly, as you age. They have early mixed results on whether glucocorticoid receptors go down with age and are exploring more about what happens with both receptor levels as well as learning more about the role of mineralocorticoid receptors in bone, particularly ageing bone.
"We want to know what would cause bone cells to change which receptors they are expressing and how they are responding to these," she said.
"But there are a lot of things that happen with ageing. We know inflammation changes with ageing, so there are a lot of different cues that could cause these things to change," she added.
The whole body impact they saw from their manipulation of receptors, like a higher blood pressure from deleting the glucocorticoid receptor, also is evidence of bone's importance as an endocrine organ, she said.
"By changing glucocorticoid signalling in the bone, not only are we seeing changes in the bone, but we are seeing changes in the fat, muscle, adrenal glands, in physical activity," she said which means something from the bone is communicating with all these other body systems and the emerging role of research in her field.
In fact, the increased fat present in the bone marrow found in osteoporosis has resulted in it also being considered a metabolic disease of the bone, much as obesity, particularly excess weight around the middle, is considered a metabolic disease. Increased fat in the bone marrow is associated with disuse, like following a spinal cord injury, a high-fat diet, taking glucocorticoids, like steroids, and ageing.
While fat is a ready energy source for bone cells, too much can hinder bone cell formation. The scientists don't yet know whether the cells are no longer using fat well or they are pulling more in, or both; they do know fat accumulating in the bone cells coincides with less bone being made, she reiterated.
"We are trying to figure out exactly why these things are going wrong so that we can pick the right avenue to pursue a treatment strategy," she said.
There is a lot of evidence in people that the synthetic glucocorticoids we take via pill or injection, can impact bone, creating an unhealthy imbalance between the amount of bone made and the amount broken down.
A focus of the research at MCG has been examining the bone impact from our endogenous glucocorticoids, the ones we make, a less-explored area. For years, McGee-Lawrence and her colleagues have been studying bone-forming osteoblasts which, like most cells, don't function optimally as we age.
But it may be that even synthetic glucocorticoids also work through these alternative receptors to damage the bone, which meant trying to prevent their damage may also mean a different target, she said, noting again that the pathway may change as the person ages.
Interestingly some other tissues that are known to have a lot of mineralocorticoid receptors inactivate glucocorticoids, which bone cannot do, but perhaps it compensates by not having a lot of mineralocorticoid receptors, at least in youth, she said.
The adrenal gland makes both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, the production which becomes less well-regulated as we age.
The research was supported by the National Institute on Aging and the American Diabetes Association.
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