The diagnostic "multiple sclerosis" covers a wide range of conditions, each requiring a unique course of therapy, as has been known for some time. A potential new MS-like illness has now been identified and its diagnosis has been clarified by researchers from the University of Basel and the University Hospital of Basel.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterised by central nervous system inflammation. The immune system attacks the body's own tissues, destroying the myelin sheath, which protects nerve cells. However, the image that research has created of the illness is a little more difficult. It can induce a variety of neurological symptoms, including as paresthesia and limb paralysis, which might deteriorate gradually or suddenly. Which areas of the neurological system are impacted vary greatly between people. A treatment may help some people while making their condition worse in others.
“There’s a huge amount of diversity in how inflammatory autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system like multiple sclerosis present,” explains Professor Anne-Katrin Pröbstel of the University of Basel and University Hospital Basel. Researchers have been gradually discovering the key distinctive features of “atypical” cases of MS for the past ten years. A few of these autoimmune diseases have been given different names to better distinguish them from MS even though they also destroy the myelin sheath. Victims of these diseases often have inflammation in their spinal cords or optic nerves.
In a study of roughly 1,300 patients, Pröbstel’s team has now discovered a biomarker that may make it possible to differentiate another MS-like illness from the others. The researchers have reported their findings in the journal JAMA Neurology.
The team discovered a specific antibody, a type of immunoglobulin A (IgA), in one group of patients. The antibody attacks a component of the myelin sheath called “MOG” (which stands for “myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein”). IgA antibodies are typically responsible for protecting mucous membranes.
The precise role of MOG-IgA in this autoimmune disease remains unclear, however. “Victims experience inflammation particularly in their spinal cords and brain stems,” Pröbstel explains. This group of patients was missing other typical biomarkers related to MS or similar diseases.
Next, the researchers want to decipher the role of MOG-IgA and the clinical characteristics arising from it in more detail. “By distinguishing between myelin-destroying autoimmune diseases that were previously all called MS, we’re taking an important step towards a better understanding of the causes of these illnesses and towards individualized treatments,” says the neurologist. Ultimately, the researchers hope to discover what treatments are most effective under what conditions.
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